Today copper cathode is mainly produced by two types 

of processes: pyrometallurgical (flash smelting) and 

hydrometallurgical. The pyrometallurgical method mainly 

involves melting and electrorefining. As such, the resulting 

refined copper is also called electrolytic copper. This 

method is generally suitable to high-grade copper sulfide 

ore, and accounts for 85% of the world’s copper cathode 

production. The hydrometallurgical route is suitable for 

lower-grade ores (i.e., ores with complex compositions) 

and oxide ores, and is a comparatively cheaper process. 

The final product is also called electrowon copper.

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