(1)Supply and demand. The supply and demand of the international container

shipping market is the determinant of the freight rate. The freight rate falls when

the supply rises, and vice versa; it rises when the demand rises, and vice versa.

(2)Operating cost. The level of costs has a remarkable impact on the freight

rate. The main components of container shipping costs are fixed investment in

vessels and containers, voyage operation cost, administrative expenses, and

financial expenses.

(3)Global economy. The demand for international container shipping arises from

global trade. Growth in global container capacity and growth in global trade are

closely related. The international container freight rate is also strongly linked to

the global economic environment.

(4)Exchange rate. Exchange rate fluctuations can have an impact on the cost

control and profit calculation of liner companies, thus affecting their freight rate.

(5)Geopolitics. Political factors are mainly past or future policies or major events

that had or will have an impact on the global trade. Political factors will often

trigger a short-term swing in the freight rate and affect the long-term price trend.

(6)Other factors. Due to the diversity of goods and a long transport chain, the

international container freight rate is impacted by many other factors, such

as changes in upstream or downstream industries, weather, port strikes, antimonopoly amendments, price negotiations for long-term supply agreements,

alliance restructuring, and competition.

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