Major participantsinclude owners of means of transport, 

carriers, intermediaries, and shippers.

Owners of means of transport own container shipping 

assets and are broadly classified into shipowners and 

container companies. In particular, shipowners can be 

liner companies, large financial institutions, and other 

institutions that own container ships. 

Carriers refer to the person by whom or in whose name a 

contract of carriage of goods by sea has been concluded 

with a shipper. Carriers mainly consist of liners and nonvessel operating common carriers (NVOCCs).

Most shippers are cargo owners who may be the 

consignors or the consignees. 

Intermediaries provide intermediary services—space 

booking, customs declaration, and inspection declaration, 

for example—for carriers and shippers. The most 

common intermediaries are NVOCCs, common freight 

forwarders, shipping agents, and customs brokers.

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